What is ment by new
media..?
Most technologies
described as new media are digital, often having characteristics of being manipulated, networkable, dense, compressible, and interactive. Some examples may be the Internet, websites, computer multimedia, video games, augmented
reality, CD-ROMS, and
DVDs. In that sense, the term "new media" refers to on-demand access
to content anytime, anywhere, on any digital device, as well as interactive
user feedback, and creative participation. Another aspect of new media is the
real-time generation of new and unregulated content. New media does not include
television
programs (only analog
broadcast), feature films, magazines, books, or paper-based publications – unless
they contain technologies that enable digital interactivity. Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia, is an example, combining Internet accessible digital text, images and video
with web-links, creative participation of contributors, interactive feedback of
users and formation of a participant community of editors and donors for the
benefit of non-community readers. Facebook is an example of the social media model, in which most users are also participants. Wikitude is an example for augmented reality. It
displays information about the users' surroundings in a mobile camera view,
including image recognition, 3d modeling and location-based approach to
augmented reality.
History
In the 1960s, connections
between computing and radical art began to grow stronger. It was not until the
1980s that Alan Kay and his co-workers at Xerox PARC began to give the computability of a personal computer to the individual, rather than have a
big organization be in charge of this. "In the late 1980s and early 1990s,
however, we seem to witness a different kind of parallel relationship between
social changes and computer
design. Although
causally unrelated, conceptually it makes sense that the Cold War and the design of the Web took place at exactly the same time." Writers and philosophers such as Marshall McLuhan were instrumental in the development of media theory during this period. His now famous declaration in Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964) that "the medium is the message" drew attention to the too often ignored influence media and technology themselves, rather than their "content," have on humans' experience of the world and on society broadly.
Definition
- New
Media versus Cyberculture – Cyberculture is the
various social phenomena that are associated with the Internet and network
communications (blogs, online multi-player gaming), whereas New Media is
concerned more with cultural objects and paradigms (digital to analog
television, iPhones).
- New
Media as Computer Technology Used as a Distribution Platform – New
Media are the cultural objects which use digital computer technology for
distribution and exhibition. e.g. (at least for now) Internet, Web sites,
computer multimedia, Blu-ray disks etc. The problem with this is that the
definition must be revised every few years. The term "new media"
will not be "new" anymore, as most forms of culture will be
distributed through computers.
- New
Media as Digital Data Controlled by Software – The language of New Media
is based on the assumption that, in fact, all cultural objects that rely
on digital representation and computer-based delivery do share a number of
common qualities. New media is reduced to digital data that can be
manipulated by software as any other data. Now media operations can create
several versions of the same object. An example is an image stored as
matrix data which can be manipulated and altered according to the
additional algorithms implemented, such as color inversion, gray-scaling,
sharpening, rasterizing, etc.
- New
Media as the Mix Between Existing Cultural Conventions and the Conventions
of Software – New Media today can be understood as the mix between
older cultural conventions for data representation, access, and
manipulation and newer conventions of data representation, access, and
manipulation. The "old" data are representations of visual
reality and human experience, and the "new" data is numerical
data. The computer is kept out of the key "creative" decisions,
and is delegated to the position of a technician. e.g. In film, software
is used in some areas of production, in others are created using computer
animation.
- New
Media as the Aesthetics that Accompanies the Early
Stage of Every New Modern Media and Communication Technology – While
ideological tropes indeed seem to be reappearing rather regularly, many
aesthetic strategies may reappear two or three times ... In order for this
approach to be truly useful it would be insufficient to simply name the
strategies and tropes and to record the moments of their appearance;
instead, we would have to develop a much more comprehensive analysis which
would correlate the history of technology with social, political, and
economical histories or the modern period.
- New
Media as Faster Execution of Algorithms Previously Executed
Manually or through Other Technologies – Computers are a huge
speed-up of what were previously manual techniques. e.g. calculators.
Dramatically speeding up the execution makes possible previously
non-existent representational technique. This also makes possible of many
new forms of media art such as interactive multimedia and video games. On
one level, a modern digital computer is just a faster calculator, we
should not ignore its other identity: that of a cybernetic control device.
- New
Media as the Encoding of Modernist Avant-Garde; New Media as
Metamedia – Manovich declares that the 1920s are more relevant to New
Media than any other time period. Metamedia coincides with postmodernism in that they both rework
old work rather than create new work. New media avant-garde is about new
ways of accessing and manipulating information (e.g. hypermedia,
databases, search engines, etc.). Meta-media is an example of how quantity
can change into quality as in new media technology and manipulation
techniques can recode modernist aesthetics into a very different
postmodern aesthetics.
- New
Media as Parallel Articulation of Similar Ideas in Post-WWII Art and
Modern Computing – Post WWII Art or "combinatorics"
involves creating images by systematically changing a single parameter.
This leads to the creation of remarkably similar images and spatial
structures. This illustrates that algorithms, this essential part of new
media, do not depend on technology, but can be executed by humans.
The Glossary
Advertising. Any new mass media has enormous advertising
potential as it can bring together audiences and advertisers in new and more
effective ways. See paid for search and online advertising.
Analogue. Non digital form of recording and
reproduction. Standard terrestrial TV is still fed from analogue transmissions
however these are gradually being replaced by digital free-to-air services
transmitted by the BBC. See linear editing.
ASDL. A
broadband digital transmission technology which can send far more data down
existing domestic phone lines than either conventional modems or ISDN. BT’s
system offers half a megabyte per second. In Japan the latest in ASDL
technology is offering Megabytes per second. This is more than adequate to use
full-frame video streaming. Even faster FTTH technology is being pushed in
Japan. Being cheaper to install it is now the major competitor to digital cable
links provided by companies such as NTL. It requires special equipment at the
exchange. ASDL is likely to be available to 90% of the population by mid-2005.
Bandwidth. The amount of digitally encoded data which
can be transmitted by particular systems.
Blogs. User generated material on specially
created programmes that require no knowledge of coding and mark-up language.
Now used for a variety of purposes from personal to political and company
driven.
Bluetooth. This is a wireless system which allows
different products to communicate with each other using a common protocol. It
is able to transmit large amounts of data. Portable computers can link to
desktop computers or mobile phones via Bluetooth. You may well have a mobile
phone with a Bluetooth wireless earpiece for example.
Broadband. The digital Holy Grail is having all homes
linked to broadband networks which can handle huge amounts of digitally encoded
data. It should be possible to be engaged in such things as video-conferencing
and downloading films in real-time simultaneously in the same household. Likely
to take several years to be fully developed and installed in a significant
number of households. An important feature is the ability to have two of more
computers from the same household linked to the internet. Currently it costs
about £30 per month. Rumoured that the latest hard-disc recorders will add
broadband internet access and be able to stream video and audio to TV, See also
digital set-top boxes. Since writing this not so long ago the scenario has
changed dramatically in the UK. This January 2007 story from the BBC shows
"BT as having signed up 10 million broadband users".
CD Rewritable. This is a CD which can be recorded and then
recorded over rather like an audiocassette. Not all CD-Players can replay these
however as the system works on different laser frequencies. See also Rewritable
digital media.
CD-Rom. These are CDs which are Read Only Memory
(ROM). These are used for selling computer programmes. The data on them cannot
be changed.
Citizenship. This concept builds on earlier ideas of
citizenship which focused upon economic, political and social concerns.
Economic citizenship gave people the right to trade, political citizenship gave
people the rights to vote and have representative electable governments with
powers limited by law. Social citizenship gave people the right to health care,
education and pensions. See also cultural citizenship.
Content Management Software. Content management software helps users
organise their download materials. iTunes is probably the best known of these.
It can be used to subsribe to podcast services for example as well a place
where music or video content may be purchased. You can click this link to go to
the
free iTunes downloads site.
(This should not be deemed as an endoresment of Apple's CMS above any other
ones.). News from the BBC 12th of Jan 07 says that iTunes has made a deal with the Sundance film
festival to make films
available for download.
Convergence. You must know this term for the OCR AS
exam*. This is the current process whereby new media and communications
technologies are changing not only our media equipment but changing the ways old
media institutions have worked. It is also globalising and changing our systems
of gaining knowledge. The process is still in transition with new developments
rapidly emerging. In a few years these processes will have matured and will be
less dynamic. The way that mobile phones are now turning into multi-player
gaming machines or able to provide location based information and send back
images by wireless technology is a good example of convergent technologies
creating new markets. See iPhone for a good example of this.
Cultural Citizenship. Cultural citizenship is about access to
systems of representation within the arts and media to ensure that all have the
knowledge and capabilities to represent themselves.
Cybersquatters. These are companies or individuals
individuals who have registered variations or misspellings of its key brands,
such as “Xbox”. They can make a lot of money out of this and also get
respectable brands bad reputations.
Desktop
Recording Studio. The
growth of podcasting has seen a growth of available desktop recording studios
with some being USB powered and others having separate power supplies. Often
small but flexible units they provide an interface with analogue microphones
and computers. They can be combined with powerful software to create different
effects and they can also have inputs from devices such as CD players and
electronic instruments. empowering users to podcast onto the internet they are
powerful tools in the collaborative and user generated world of Web 2.0. Below
an early model the Lexicon Omega and the more recent Digidesign MBox2.
Digital
Distribution. It is
necessary to differentiate between models of 'Business to Business'
distribution and 'Business to Consumer' distribution. Digital forms of
distribution can be advantageous to both small-scale ‘cottage’ industry sized
companies and large media corporations. Digital videos can be distributed
globally by specialist we-sites globally when users have high speed
connections. They are only likely to find individuals often with little
purchasing power. Large film companies can distribute to points of mass
exhibition such as cinemas or outdoor arenas by high speed optic fibre cable or
else via digital satellite links. With encrypted technologies it is now
possible to release a film globally in cinemas if necessary in different
versions for different markets on the same day. This will reduce piracy and
maximise marketing opportunities whilst reducing significantly distribution
costs. The ability to respond instantly to audience demand by downloading onto
servers instead of relying on expensive and relatively slow multiple copy
distribution will help increase profits and retain and develop audiences.
Digital
divide. A
very important social and cultural concept of the ‘information age’. This term
refers to those who have access to a wide range of digital communications
systems in terms of cost and knowledge and those who are excluded from this. It
is becoming a serious problem of citizenship.
Digital
set-top box. These boxes can receive digitally
transmitted TV and Radio transmissions via satellite ( typically in Britain
Sky), cable ( typically in Britain NTL and Telewest) and a standard TV aerial (
Freeview). Pace in conjunction with Sky + and others with hard disc-based
digital recorders. Sky + has a 40 Gigabyte hard disc. A similar box is now
being offered to Freeview viewers. It has a twin tuner and a 20 gigabyte hard
disc. With a twin tuner it is possible to watch one programme or listen to
radio whilst recording another.
Digital
storage medium.
Generic term for a wide range of storage media such as mini-disc, CD, CD-ROM,
Hard disc, floppy-disc etc. These media may sometimes be designed by a company
to only fit their products. Others will be generic. Some will be read only such
as a CD or DVD game or film. Others are random access and as such can be
totally or partially used many times.
Digital
Versatile Disc / DVD.
A disc which although the same size as a CD can hold many times the amount of
data due to a combination of more sophisticated data compression systems, the
ability to store and retrieve data from different levels of the disc. This
means that moving images can be stored in a way which is more permanent than
tape and maintains its quality over time, whereas tape particles lose their
magnetism and lose details. Research is going on to more than double the
storage capacity of the current DVD’s by using different laser technologies.
The ‘versatility’ referred to in the name means that the equipment incorporates
technical standards which means that digital information relating to images -
static or moving sounds or text can be stored and retrieved.
DRM. (Meaning
1) Digital Rights Management. This is a major concern for companies and
individuals dependent upon traditional copyright legislation to protect
their intellectual rights. Within the the world of the web the Napster
free downloding company became renowned for breaking these copyright rules
in the USA. It was eventually forced to concede by the big record companies.
'Pirate downloading' is still seen as a major problem by many media comapnies.
At the time of writing Viacom was taking Google to court with a $1 billion
law suit relating to the copyrighted material availble on YouTube which was
bought buy Google in 2006. The Wikipedia entry states: Digital Rights Management (generally abbreviated to DRM) is an umbrella
term that refers to any of several technologies
used by publishers or copyright owners to control access to and usage of digital data or hardware, and
to restrictions associated with a specific instance of a digital work or
device. The term is often confused with copy
protection and technical protection measures; these two terms refer to technologies that
control or restrict the use and access of digital content on electronic devices
with such technologies installed, acting as components of a DRM design.
DVD-Audio. A music format which by having a higher
sampling rate than conventional CDs can create more ‘natural sounding’ music.
DVD-HD. This is a new high definition format which
Toshiba and its backers including Microsoft launched in 2006. It is one side of
a format war with Sony who along with many consumer electronics heavyweights
such as Philips and Panasonic have now launched Bluray. This is also supported
by many Hollywood Studios.
DVD
Recordable. A new
breed of domestic machines has now appeared which can record TV or films in DVD
format. Whilst currently still very expensive it is probable that they will
replace the VCR in most households in 5 years time. They will be able to record
digital radio signals as well. There is not currently a standardised format
which makes things difficult for consumers.
Digital
Video. Often called DV
as an abbreviation. The ability to 'capture' moving images without the use of
film on a digital storage format. The data can be edited ( post-production)
digitally and streamed onto the web or put on a DVD or CD.
Dolby
surround sound. This
is a digital sound decoding system which provides the surround sound features
now standard in cinemas. It is also a feature of domestic audio visual
surround-sound systems and can disperse the sound around up to 7 ordinary
loudspeakers and a sub-woofer to deal with very deep bass sounds known as a 7.1
system.
Download. The expression for taking things from the
Internet and putting them onto your computer either temporarily or permanently.
Encryption. This makes it impossible to use media texts
without having specialist software able to read the security encryption. This
is to reduce software piracy and will enable large companies to retain more
effective control over their products. Digitised products can be kept in high
security systems and downloaded in encrypted form by cinemas for example. See
digital distribution
Entertainment Phones. The world’s largest mobile phone
manufacturer is producing a new product called Ngage. Containing on-board
memory cards it will be able to play high speed games. The phone will be
expensive and currently the possibilities of multi-player gaming on-line are
perceived of as very limited. It requires the development of the youth market
who are least able to afford this level of sophistication.
Firewalls. This is security software which stops
unwanted e.mails or hackers getting into your computer when it is online. As
such it is much more sophisticated than straight-forward anti-virus software.
It is becoming increasingly important to have this software installed as the
internet grows in size and complexity.
Flash
Memory. Flash
memory is solid state memory. It exists on cards such as Secure Digital cards
commonly used in digital cameras and also as USB Flash Drives It is fast,
versatile and more resilient to damage by dropping than conventional hard
drives. The technology is advancing quickly and for high small computers which
firms like "Samsung envisage as 'Super-Blackberries' it will be the first choice over
conventional hard drives. For those wishing to conduct electronic warfare the
Swiss Army USB drive knife seems like a perfect solution. Doubtless they will
be found on Chanel lipsticks soon!
Global
Positioning System (
GPS ). The ability to find out where you are in the world through special
equipment including expensive mobile phones. These link with a satellite to
give a precise position. See also Location-based services. Latest gizmo ‘The
Hoppy’. Aimed at tourists this device monitors GPS satellites and gives an
commentary stored on mini CD using MP3 data compression technology. When
triggered by the GPS signals. It can be connected to the car stereo giving
information to the driver in real time.
Google. An example of an internet search engine. It
became a member of the American stock market in 2004 and first started in 1998.
Its founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page were worth an estimated $10 billion
each in August 2005.
Hard-disc
recorder. A
digital recording machine which records other digital sources on a hard disc
similar to the ones found in computers. The advantage over a CD or DVD recorder
is that material can be more easily edited before being recorded on another
more permanent medium such as a recordable CD. (See also under Broadband).
HD-TV. High definition TVs came on sale in Britain
in a big way in 2006 in the run up to the World Cup. whilst the quality is
undoubtedly excellent when you see one with a live HD feed there is a problem
in the UK of a lack of available programme material in HD. Rumour has it that
many people are happily watching their HD TV not realising that the images are
not being broadcast in HD. HD-DVDs also became available in 2006 led by Toshiba
who have also brought out an HD-DVD Recordable. See also format wars. For a
technical break down of the superior definition see "Wikipedia definition".
Hype
Cycle. The Hype Cycle,
used by Gartner to track the adoption of new technologies, has five distinct
phases: “Technology Trigger,” “Peak of Inflated Expectations,” “Trough of
Disillusionment,” “Slope of Enlightenment,” and “Plateau of Productivity.”
"Link to debate between Gartner and Second
Life reported by Reuters Jan 04 / 07 ."
Hypertext. The new aesthetic of the digital era.
Originally perceived as the ability to move around a text through links making
a medium non-linear and allowing a viewer to make some narrative decisions
interactively. Dan Fleming (2000) suggests that there will be hyperlinking
across media forms to produce metaforms..
Interactive
TV. The ability to
feedback information into the TV system. This requires digital technology.
Typically the flow of information from the receiver
Interface. Interfacing is the way in which people use
technologies. A mouse or keyboard is the way we usually interface with
computers. For games machines and consoles a range of joysticks were developed.
The latest ways of interfacing are through digital imaging where a digital
camera can image a subject and store this in the machine in ways that link to icons
on the screen. The person can trigger these icons remotely via the camera link.
This is the next technological step towards a more immersive environment. Both
gamers and various sorts of artists such as dancers are beginning to exploit
this technology which will become increasingly common. For one of the leading
places to investigate human computer interfacing check out the MIT Media Lab. Wacky stuff including intelligent clothing.
Internet
Search Engine. To
navigate the internet effectively it became necessary to invent new software to
make a rapid search of the millions of domain names which mushroomed on after
the start of the World Wide Web in the mid 1990s. These include search engines
such as Yahoo and MSN. The most successful to date is Google. The way in which
the companies who run these make money is by selling advertising space. See
Paid for search.
ISDN. This is a high-speed data-link for computer
communications. In Britain BT kept the price too high and people used
conventional modems. It runs at 128 Kilobits per second twice as fast as an
ordinary modem and it is possible to use the phone at the same time. It is now
being superseded by ASDL and broadband technologies. At time of writing in 2007
it is now dead in the water as Broadband has taken off.
LAN. This is a local area network in which two
or more computers are connected together. In the past this has been done by
installing special cards and cables to connect to computers together
physically. This is likely to change very soon with the commercialisation of
Wi-Fi.
Linear
editing.
Video-recorders are examples of this technology. Unable to immediately access
any of the date unlike data on a hard drive. This kind of editing is very slow
and there is a loss of quality involved. To reproduce the text on the internet,
via digital satellite or on DVDs the text must be digitally re-mastered. See
also non-linear editing.
Midband. This offers 128 kilobits per second
internet connection which is three times faster than a standard connection.
Calls can be made simultaneously but will halve the net connection speed. This
speed is still only 25% of an ASDL connection. The system is likely to appeal
to those in rural locations without access to cable or ASDL. This is rapidly
being made redundant.
Mini-disc. A rewritable digital recording system which
can comfortably work when mobile. It records at half the data rate of
conventional CDs and therefore quality is compromised. The rapid rise of MP3
and iPods is rapidly making this redunant technology.
MPEG. A data compression system which allows the
recording and transmission of images using relatively small amounts of memory.
MP3. A digital compression system for
transmitting music over the internet with short download times. The rate of
sampling is only about half as much as on conventional CDs therefore quality is
compromised. It is claimed that psychoacoustically people effectively notice
little or no difference.
Narrowband. This is a standard internet connection via
a dial-up modem. Maximum speed of these is 56 Kilobits of data per second. In
reality depending upon line conditions these modems connect at about 40
kilobits per second. This is fine for basic e.mail and text-based websites.
Audio, video and software downloads require broadband connections. A
disadvantage of narrowband is that the phone cannot be used at the same time.
Non-linear editing. This is using hard discs on computers or
now dedicated hard-disc digital recorders to edit sound and images. It is
non-linear because any part of the information can be easily accessed unlike
videotape which has to be dealt with on liner editing suites. This form of
editing is especially useful for Digital Video enabling small-scale film makers
to create and place their products on the internet fast and cheaply. See also
linear editing.
